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Bladder cancer is characterized by high incidence and high recurrence; however, the mechanism of pathogenesis, especially of recurrence is still unclear. This paper reviews the molecular characteristics of bladder cancer, urothelial somatic mutation, driver genes and mutation characteristics, and prospects the future research directions.
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【Objective】 To investigate the effects of 450 nm diode blue laser on the morphological changes and thermal damage of renal pelvis under different conditions. 【Methods】 An ex vivo study was conducted on a fresh porcine pelvis model (7 cm×5 cm×3 cm). The laser fiber was fixed on the mechanical arm perpendicular to the renal pelvis tissue, and the distance between them was 1-2 mm. The renal pelvis tissue was incised at a speed of 1-2 mm/s and power of 5-30 W. After the incised tissue was fixed in formalin (4%), the morphology, depth, width and coagulation thickness were observed with naked eyes and a microscope. 【Results】 The different powers had different vaporization and incision effects. When the operating distance was 2 mm, the speed was 2 mm/s and power was 5 W, the vaporization depth, width and coagulation thickness were approximately 0 9 mm, 0.25 mm and 0.35 mm, respectively. With the increase of power, the vaporization width and depth increased, and the coagulation thickness was 0.35-0.50 mm. When the power was more than 10 W, the renal pelvis tissue was easily penetrated. When the laser power was 20 W, the section of the renal pelvis showed an irregular shape of vaporization. When the operating distance was 1 mm, the whole renal pelvis tissue was easily vaporized. When it was 2 mm, a wide and safe energy treatment window was produced. 【Conclusion】 The 450 nm diode blue laser can vaporize and incise renal pelvis tissue safely and effectively, with high precision and little thermal damage. It is expected to be a new surgical tool in the treatment of renal pelvis lesions.
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【Objective】 To investigate the feasibility and safety of semiconductor blue laser in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in the day surgery model. 【Methods】 The clinical data of 22 NMIBC patients (average age 55.8 years and tumor size 1.4 cm) who underwent outpatient screening and accepted blue laser ambulatory surgery in our hospital during Jun.2022 and Sep.2022 were retrospectively analyzed. On the day of admission, transurethral resection of cancer was performed using blue laser en bloc enucleation. On the day of surgery or in the morning of next day, bladder irrigation was stopped, the catheter was removed, and patients were discharged. The baseline data, pre-hospital waiting time, operation time, length of hospital stay, hemoglobin decrease, complications and management, follow-up, medical costs, and patients’ satisfaction rate were recorded. 【Results】 The pre-hospital waiting time was 2 to 7 days, average (4.1±1.3)days. The operation time was 29 to 50 minutes, average (40.8±5.5)minutes. The length of hospital stay was 0.6 to 1.2 days, average (0.9±0.2)days. Hemoglobin decrease was 1 g/L to 8 g/L, average (3.8±1.8)g/L. The catheter was indwelt for 0.5 to 1 day, average (0.7±0.1)day. The medical costs were 13 790 to 16 811 Yuan, average (14 941.5±690.2) Yuan. Patients’ satisfaction rate was 100.0%. Mild intraoperative and postoperative complications occurred in 2 cases. One patient developed symptoms of cystitis which disappeared after 2 days of oral antibiotic cefixime, and another patient developed bladder spasm which was relieved after oral solifenacin succinate tablets. No adverse events such as obturator nerve reflex or bladder perforation occurred. After removal of the catheter, no urinary retention was observed. 【Conclusion】 This study was the first to apply blue laser ambulatory surgery in the treatment of bladder cancer, confirming that it is a safe, feasible, economical and efficient model for selected patients, which can be promoted in suitable hospitals.
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【Objective】 To compare the efficacy and safety of blue laser en bloc enucleation and traditional plasmakinetic electrocautery in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). 【Methods】 A total of 50 NMIBC patients treated in our hospital during Oct.2018 and Dec.2019 were enrolled. A randomized, incomplete blinding, parallel control design and non-inferior test method was adopted. The control group (electrocautery group) used plasmakinetic electrocautery for transurethral resection, and the experimental group (blue laser group) used semiconductor blue laser for transurethral en bloc enucleation. The effective resection rate, operation time, postoperative catheter indwelling time, length of hospital stay, perioperative hemoglobin changes and obturator nerve reflex were compared. 【Results】 There were 24 patients in the blue laser group and 26 in the electrocautery group. The effective dissection rate and hemostasis rate in both groups reached 100%. The blue laser group had slightly longer operation time than the electrocautery group (55 min vs.42 min, P=0.009), but lesser hemoglobin decrease (5.7 g/L vs. 10.4 g/L, P=0.007). There were no significant differences in urinary catheter indwelling time, length of hospital stay and reoperation rate between the two groups. The electrocautery group had 3 cases of obturator nerve reflex, while the blue laser group had none. 【Conclusion】 Compared with the traditional electrocautery, blue laser has good vaporization cutting and coagulation hemostatic effects on bladder tumor tissue, and can completely enucleate tumors in a front-firing model with less bleeding and no obturator nerve reflex, which can be used as a new, efficient, safe and easy-to-learn method for NMIBC surgery. However, its effects on postoperative recurrence rate and progression rate still need further studies.
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Bladder cancer is one of the most common urinary tumors, and human urinary tract has been proved to be non-sterile. The significance of urinary tract flora in pathophysiology and treatment of urothelial carcinoma remains to be studied. Meanwhile, intestinal flora has also become an important clinical factor, which has been proved to play a variety of roles in body metabolism, local and systemic inflammation and immunity. Microorganisms can affect the clinical course of cancer, efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy drugs, bioavailability and side effects. This review will explore the relationship between bladder cancer and urinary tract and intestinal microbiome, and explore reliable disease predictors, prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets through a better understanding of the interaction between the microbiome and tumor cells.
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Boosting spatial resolution of visual prostheses is an effective method to improve implant subjects' visual perception. However, power consumption of visual implants greatly rises with the increasing number of implanted electrodes. In respond to this trend, visual prostheses need to develop high-efficiency wireless power transmission and high-speed data transmission. This paper presents a review of current research progress on wireless power and data transmission for visual prostheses, analyzes relative principles and requirement, and introduces design methods of power and data transmission.
Subject(s)
Electric Power Supplies , Prosthesis Design , Visual Prosthesis , Wireless TechnologyABSTRACT
According to analyses of the real-time performance of the visual prosthesis image processing system, down-sampling is a key factor which influences the processing speed. Based on these analyses, the algorithm of grid sampled averaging was proposed for down-sampling. Then the effect of grid parameters on the result and algorithm complexity was evaluated by using the regional-averaging algorithm as a reference. Our research shows that the grid-averaging algorithm could reduce the computation burden by 90% or more, with no significant difference from the regional-averaging algorithm.
Subject(s)
Algorithms , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Methods , Visual ProsthesisABSTRACT
In this paper, experiments were designed for inducing neutral, terrified, excited, annoying emotions, and also low, middle, high, three levels of tension emotions of stress state, respectively. Based on the multi physiological signals generated by the subjects in emotions, such as heart rate and respiration rate and so on, we extracted features from these data which had been eliminated the baseline. Then the Particle Swarm Optimization method was adopted to optimize the features selection from the features of multi physiological signals, and combined with k-Nearest Neighbor algorithm, different emotions and varying degree tensions were classified. The result shows that the classification accuracy of the kNN method with SPO and baseline eliminated is better than the traditional kNN method.
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Humans , Algorithms , Behavioral Research , Methods , Emotions , Stress, PsychologicalABSTRACT
A wireless transmission system for visual prosthesis is introduced. Power and data are transmitted through inductive link between only one pair of coils, in order to reduce the size of the device. The transmitter is based on Class-E power amplifier due to its high efficiency, and a modulation circuit is added to control the dc supply of the Class-E amplifier to achieve ASK modulation of data with modulation depth of 25%. In addition, an experimental system is implemented, and test shows that it sufficiently supports a 16-channel micro-stimulator on power delivery and data transfer rate.
Subject(s)
Amplifiers, Electronic , Electronic Data Processing , Electric Power Supplies , Electronics, Medical , Prosthesis Design , Telemetry , Visual ProsthesisABSTRACT
Objective: Compare merits and drawbacks of existing ablative and non-ablative rejuvenation technologies, and complete study and design of a skin rejuvenation device based on a new rejuvenation mechanism using broad-spectrum infrared light (1100 nm ～1800nm). Methods: This article firstly presents skin rejuvenation mechanism based on the broad-spectrum infrared light, and then independently design by using corresponding systems at home and abroad for reference to make a high-quality device with lower costs compared to international corresponding systems. The device has a modular architecture design including system control module, power module, infrared emission, human machine interface, water circulating cooling and switch control module. The article details three key points in design: how to generate the required infrared pulsed light, human machine interface and anti-interference design. Results: The article gave the architecture diagram and human machine interface. The technical parameters measured by experiments satisfied the design requirements and the device can be used in clinics. Its stability, reliability and energy uniformity all meet requirements of infrared rejuvenation treatment. Conclusion: The device will have good applying prospect and market prospect in medical cosmetics.